Cognitive Enhancement in LatinAmerica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36790/epistemus.v14i29.146Keywords:
Cognitive enhancement, Latin America, Modafinil, MethylphenidateAbstract
The article shows about the use of cognitive enhancers in healthy people in Latin America. Empirical studies indicate that use is growing in universities, mainly in students related to medical sciences. For these purposes, a systematic mapping of the literature related to the subject has been carried out in order to show that the use of cognitive enhancers in Latin America is quite common, which is why more in-depth studies are necessary that can determine what their true effects are with so as to pose in a more precise way what are the multiple ethical and legal challenges that derive from its use.
Downloads
References
L. Engelke y T. Ewell. "The ethics and legality of beta blockers for perfomance anxiety: what every educator should know.," The college music society , vol. 51, 2011.
E. Wurtzel, Prozac Nation, Riverhead Books, 1995.
G. Fond, J. A. Micoulaud-Franchi, A. Macgregor, R. Richieri, S. Miot, R. Lopez, Y D. Repantis. “Neuroenhancement in healthy adults, part I: pharmaceutical cognitive enhancement: a systematic review”.," Journal of Clinical Research y Bioethics. , vol. 2, no. 6, 2015.
M. Dresler, A. Sandberg, K. Ohla, C. Bublitz, C. Trenado, A. Mroczko- Wąsowicz, et al. “Non-pharmacological cognitive enhancement”. Neuropharmacology, no. 64, pp: 529-543 , 2013.
M. Husain y M. Mehta. “Cognitive enhancement by drugs in health and disease". Trends in Cognitive Sciences., vol. 1, no. 15, pp. 28-36, 2011.
J.R. Shook, L. Galvagni, J. Giordano. “Cognitive Enhancement Kept within Contexts: Neuroethics and Informed Public Policy.” Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. :8-228, 2014.
J. Savulescu, R. Ter Meulen, y G. Kahane. “Enhancing Human Capacities, Wiley- Blackwell", Uk: Oxford University , 2011.
J. Cummings y K. Zhong. "One promise and challenges in drug development and assessment for cognitive enhancers". Cognitive Enhancement in CNS Disorders and Beyond., 2018.
S. Vrecko, "Just How Cognitive Is Cognitive Enhancement? On the Significance of Emotions in University Students Experiences with Study Drugs". AJOB neuroscience, vol. 1, no. 4, 2013.
D. Repantis, P. Schlattmann, O. Laisney y I. Heuser. “Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: a systematic review. Pharmacological research, vol. 3, no. 62, pp. 187-206., 2010.
M. E. Smith y M. J. Farah. “Are prescription stimulants “smart pills”? The epidemiology and cognitive neuroscience of prescription stimulant use by normal healthy individuals. Psychological bulletin, vol. 5, no. 137, pp. 717-741., 2011.
A. Miah. “Cuestiones éticas derivadas del mejoramiento humano”.Valores y ética para el siglo XXI, 2011.
K. Maclean, E. Ferrer, S. Aichele, D. Bridwell, A. P. Zanesco, T. Jacobs y B.A Wallace. "Intensive meditation training improvesperceptual discrimination and sustained attention”. Psychological science, vol. 6, no. 21, pp. 829-839, 2010.
C. Advokat. "What are the cognitive effects of simulant medications? Emphasis on adults with attention defecit/hyperactivity disorder". Biobehavioral Reviews , vol. 8, no. 34, pp. 1256- 1266, 2010.
B.J. Sahakian, A. Bruhl, J. Cook, C. Killikelly, G. Savulich, T. Piercy y P. Jones. “The impact of neuroscience on society: cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders and in healthy people”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 1677, no. 360, 2015.
A, Mendoza, L, A y Pineda Duarte, A.G. “Consumo de Psicoestimulantes para aumentar el rendimiento en el autoestudio, estudiantes de II-VI año carrera de medicina”. (Tesis Doctoral) UNAN, León, 2013.
B. Badilla y M. Barquero. "Prevalencia del uso de estimulantes en los estudiantes de medicina y farmacia de la Universidad de Costa Rica," Revista de Ciencias Sociales , vol. 61, pp. 121-129, 1993
W. A. Villafuerte Orellana. “Opiniones y prácticas de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en la población estudiantil inscrita en Estudios Generales de la Universidad de Costa Rica, Sede Guanacaste, año 2013” (Tesis de grado), U.C.R, 2014.
G. Arguedas, M. Garnier, W. Hong, M. Zaray y G. Rodríguez. “Aspectos médico-legales de los patrones de consumo de bebidas energéticas por parte de los estudiantes de medicina de segundo año de la Universidad de Costa Rica". Medicinal legal de Costa Rica, vol. 1, no. 29, pp. 23- 33, 2012.
J. Buchanan y S. Pillón. "Uso de dorgas entre estudiantes de medicina, Tegucigalpa, Honduras”. Revista Latino- Americana de Enfermagem, no. 16 , 2008.
M. R González y V. C. Ortiz. “Hábitos tóxicos en estudiantes de segundo año de medicina"," Medisan , vol. 2, no. 17, pp. 230-236, 2013.
F. Asencio, F. Cardemi, P. Betancour, F. Celedón y F. Martínez.” Prevalencia y factores asociados al uso de drogas, fármacos y otras sustancias por estudiantes de medicina para aumentar el rendimiento académico". CIMEL, vol. 2, no. 14, 2009.
P. Campos, A. Gómez y P. Henríquez. “Percepción de los estudiantes de las carreras de Enfermería y Medicina de la Universidad Austral de Chile en relación al rendimiento académico asociado al uso de Modafinilo, durante el primer semestre del año 2012". (Tesis de grado), Universidad Austral, Chile, 2012.
D. Vera. “Caracterización del Consumo de Modafinilo en Estudiantes de la Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja y Campus Miraflores”. (Tesis de grado) Universidad Austral, Chile, 2012.
S. Estévez y D. Ramos. “Prevalencia de consumo de sustancias psicoestimulantes y factores asociados, para aumentar el rendimiento académico, en estudiantes de primero a decimo nivel de la facultad de medicina de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador desde noviembre de 2013 a enero de 2014”. (Tesis de grado) Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador, 2014.
N. P. Paredes, A. I. Miasso, y C. R. Tirapelli. "Consumption of benzodiazepines without prescription among first-year nursing students at the University of Guayaquil, school of nursing”. Revista latino-americana de nenfermagem, no. 16, pp. 634-9, 2008.
R. Netto, J. D. A. Netto, N. Zacarias-Da Silva Junior, S. Mendes- Da Silva, L. Helen-De Santana Vaz, M. A. Agüero y A. Pifferrer. “Incidencia del uso no prescrito del Metilfenidato entre Estudiantes de Medicina". Medicina Tropical , vol. 1, no. 13, 2018.
K. Botero- Henao, J. Castrillón, K. Castillo- Chang , J. Díaz - Corrales, J. Echeverri- Uribe, H. Yurgaky-Jordán y L. Barón, "Prevalencia y factores asociados al consumo de anfetaminas, en estudiantes del programa de medicina de la Universidad de Manizales". Revista de la Facultad de Medicina , vol. 3, no. 59, pp. 201- 214, 2011.
A. Sánchez. "Relación entre el consumo de neotrópicos y estrés académico en universitarios de Lima Metropolitana". Universidad Peruana Unión: Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Escuela de Psicología. , 2019.
M. Mazzoglio, J. Nabar, R. Algieri, C. Dogliotti, A. Gazzotti, H. N. Jiménez Villarruel y L. M. Rey. “Utilización de sustancias psicoactivas en alumnos de anatomía y su implicación en el aprendizaje”. Educación Médica, vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 129-132, 2011.
R. C. Cándido, E. Perini, C. M. Pádua y D. Junqueira. "Prevalence of and factors associated with the use of methylphenidate for cognitive enhancement among university students". Einstein , no. 18, 2020.
C. J. Teter, S. E. Mccabe, J. A. Cranford, C. J. Boyd y S. K. Guthrie. “Prevalence and motives for illicit use of prescription stimulants in an undergraduate student sample”. Journal of American college health, vol.6, no. 53, pp:253- 262, 2005.
K.R. Urban y W.J. Gao. “Performance enhancement at the cost of potential brain plasticity: neural ramifications of nootropic drugs in the healthy developing brain”. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8, pp.1-10, 2014
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 EPISTEMUS
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The magazine acquires the patrimonial rights of the articles only for diffusion without any purpose of profit, without diminishing the own rights of authorship.
The authors are the legitimate owners of the intellectual property rights of their respective articles, and in such quality, by sending their texts they express their desire to collaborate with the Epistemus Magazine, published biannually by the University of Sonora.
Therefore, freely, voluntarily and free of charge, once accepted the article for publication, they give their rights to the University of Sonora for the University of Sonora to edit, publish, distribute and make available through intranets, Internet or CD said work, without any limitation of form or time, as long as it is non-profit and with the express obligation to respect and mention the credit that corresponds to the authors in any use that is made of it.
It is understood that this authorization is not an assignment or transmission of any of your economic rights in favor of the said institution. The University of Sonora guarantees the right to reproduce the contribution by any means in which you are the author, subject to the credit being granted corresponding to the original publication of the contribution in Epistemus.
Unless otherwise indicated, all the contents of the electronic edition are distributed under a license for use and Creative Commons — Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International — (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) You can consult here the informative version and the legal text of the license. This circumstance must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
The names and email addresses entered in this journal will be used exclusively for the purposes established in it and will not be provided to third parties or for their use for other purposes.
